Interbank FX does not make any recommendations on how a trader should handle his/her taxes. Below is an article written by a tax professional, Robert Green, from GreenTraderTax. The views expressed are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of Interbank FX or its directors. The information provided is for informational purposes only. You should consult your personal tax professional or an off-exchange retail foreign currency (forex) tax expert for tax advice.
Forex tax code is confusing and uncertain, making tax filings difficult for forex traders. Some types of forex trades are treated as Section 1256 contracts with lower 60/40 tax treatment (after filing a timely internal capital gains election), and other forex trades are, by default, treated as Section 988 foreign currency transactions with ordinary gain or loss treatment. What's the difference? Read on to find out.
By Robert A. Green, CPA, GreenTraderTax.com
The forex interbank market has been around for many decades. Robert A. Green founded Green & Company CPAs in 1983 to handle the special tax and accounting needs of several leading professional forex traders and interbank brokers.
Foreign currency futures contracts on U.S. exchanges are reportable on Section 1256 with lower 60/40 tax treatment. Conversely, all forex contracts are subject to Section 988 ordinary gain or loss treatment by default. Traders, but not manufacturers, may file an internal election to "opt out" of Section 988 (the "capital gains election") into capital gains and loss treatment. With that capital gains election, forex forward contracts in major currencies are treated as Section 1256(g) capital gains and losses with the lower 60/40 tax treatment.
It is our belief that spot forex is treated as a forward if the taxpayer closes out the position. Therefore, we often advise reporting forex spot contracts in major currencies on Section 1256(g), after a capital gains election has been duly made.
However, forex over-the-counter (OTC) options must stop on Schedule D (capital gains and losses); they are not eligible for Section 1256(g) treatment (per IRS Notice 2007-71).
There are key differences between professional forex traders and this newer breed of online forex traders. Professional forex traders often trade "forward contracts" (rather than spot forex) because forwards have more transparency and better pricing than spot.
Forward forex traders trade major currencies (for which regulated futures contracts [RFCs] exist); therefore, after filing an internal capital gains election, they can use Section 1256(g) 60/40 tax treatment. Most professional forward forex traders make their living trading forwards and count on lower 60/40 tax rates each year — currently up to 12 percent lower tax rates (in 2008 and 2009). (More on Section 1256 below.)
Compare the professionals to the online forex trader. Most online forex traders are new to forex; some moved from the online securities or futures trading space. Many have very low account sizes ($2,000 to $25,000) and lack the capital, clout, and connections to trade forwards in the (non-retail) interbank market.
The online forex-trading marketplace did not pick up steam until the early 2000s. When the online securities trading revolution suffered a bear market in the 90s, brokers and traders stepped into the forex market. This became possible when larger banks democratized interbank-market access with new retail platforms.
The key difference: Online forex traders mostly trade spot contracts, whereas professional traders have access to lower-priced forward contracts. But are spot and forward forex contracts given the same tax treatment?
Before we go any further, let's identify the two alternatives for reporting forex trading income and losses. Section 988 has ordinary gain or loss treatment. Losing traders prefer Section 988 because it eliminates capital-loss limitations, allowing full ordinary loss treatment against any type of income. Section 1256 has lower 60/40 capital gains tax rates. Profitable traders prefer Section 1256 because it reduces their tax rates on trading gains. Section 1256 has a three-year carry-back feature, but only against 1256 gains in those years.
Section 1256 and Section 988 have always conflicted, especially when it comes to currency traders. Each section was written for different types of taxpayers (manufacturers vs. traders/dealers), by different IRS groups, in different decades.
In 1982, Congress added "foreign currency contracts" to the Section 1256 definition (Section 1256(g)). Congress wanted to accommodate currency traders, putting forex (OTC interbank off-exchange markets) on par with RFCs — the original 1256 contracts (like currency futures). This created a conflict because Section 988 already included "foreign currency transactions" and "forward contracts" in the interbank market.
Congress was clear about including forward forex contracts in Section 1256, but it did not mention spot forex. Foreign currency contracts under 1256 must be in a foreign currency for which there is regulated futures currency contracts trading (i.e., major currencies). For example, forward contracts in the Euro qualify because there are Euro currency futures traded on futures exchanges. However, the IRS hasn't clarified the rules, so there is room for much interpretation.
Congress gave the IRS the right to figure out tax reporting abuse and to bar certain instruments from the coveted Section 1256 60/40 treatment. This is exactly what happened with IRS Notices 2003-81 and 2007-71. Notice 2003-81 was issued to combat tax cheating; the notice applied a literal reading of foreign currency contracts. Notice 2007-71 later corrected 2003-81, and unfortunately it barred forex OTC currency options from 60/40 treatment. (More on Notice 2007-71 below.)
Although forward contracts are mentioned in Section 1256(g), they are also mentioned in Section 988 and therefore, they receive ordinary 988 treatment; unless a trader makes a contemporaneous internal election to opt out of 988 for 1256. Some tax professionals treat spot contracts as part of Section 988 (with no ability to elect 1256), whereas other tax professionals think spot contracts in major currencies (that also have regulated futures contracts) may also be treated like forwards with Section 1256(g) treatment.
Section 988 states that if a trader does not "take or make delivery" of the actual currency – and most traders don't make or take delivery – then the spot contract can be treated like a forward contract. Traders don't make or take delivery in non-functional currencies for the spot forex contracts they trade. Rather, they trade the contracts before settlement in the same way they trade forward forex. The only difference is spot settles in less than 48 hours and forward settles in more than 48 hours. These are some of the reasons for a "substantial authority" argument to treat forex spot in major currencies like forwards for purposes of electing into Section 1256(g).
We believe a "substantial authority" position (which is weaker than a "more likely than not" position) supports treating spot the same as forwards, provided the spot is in a major currency that also has a RFC. To claim Section 1256 60/40 lower tax rates on spot trading gains, it's wise to receive a "substantial authority" legal opinion. The Internal Revenue Code allows relying upon "substantial authority" to avoid penalties.
Our firm works closely with a tax attorney who can provide these legal opinions for our clients.
IRS Notice 2007-71 narrowly (yet definitively) addresses the tax treatment for "over-the-counter currency options," stating they may no longer be treated as "foreign currency contracts" in Section 1256; instead they are part of Section 988. This notice reversed IRS Notice 2003-81, which had ruled that OTC currency options (on major currencies) are "foreign currency contracts" in Section 1256 (with 60/40 tax treatment).
Even after 2007-71, forex tax law remains too vague and confusing for most traders and brokers.
There are various "opt out" elections for Section 988 and Section 1256, which can help navigate between the two tax treatments. Section 988 allows a trader (but not a manufacturer) to opt out of Section 988 ordinary gain or loss treatment into capital gains treatment. This is referred to as the "capital gains" election. If traders have large capital-loss carryovers, they may want to report their forex gains as capital gains (rather than ordinary gains) in order to use their capital-loss carryovers. Conversely, if investors (who lack trader-tax status business treatment) have large forex losses generating net taxable losses, their forex ordinary losses can be permanently wasted. The capital gains election converts wasted (non-business) ordinary losses into useful capital loss carryovers.
The opt-out election [Section 988(a)(1)(B)] is a little different for forwards. Both Section 988 and Section 1256 include the term "foreign currency contracts" which is defined as forwards. This raises the question: Can a forwards trader simply choose Section 988 or 1256, or does Section 988 apply by default, requiring the trader to opt out of Section 988 in order to report with 1256? Our tax attorneys think the latter case applies.
Special rule for forward contracts, etc. Except as provided in regulations, a taxpayer may elect to treat any foreign currency gain or loss attributable to a forward contract, a futures contract, or option described in subsection (c)(1)(B)(iii) which is a capital asset in the hands of the taxpayer and which is not a part of a straddle (within the meaning of section 1092(c) , without regard to paragraph (4) thereof ) as capital gain or loss (as the case may be) if the taxpayer makes such election and identifies such transaction before the close of the day on which such transaction is entered into (or such earlier time as the Secretary may prescribe).
Notice this election is on a transaction-by-transaction basis and a taxpayer can use Section 988 for the first part of the year, then learn about this election later on, and make the election for the balance of the year. The election can be done transaction-by-transaction or for a period of time, such as a "good to cancel" order.
The trading company hereby elects pursuant to Section 988(a)(1)(B) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, to treat any foreign currency gain or loss attributable to a forward contract, a futures contract, or option described in subsection 988(c)(1)(B)(iii) thereof, as capital gain or loss, as the case may be, to the extent that such provision applies to contracts entered into by the taxpayer on or after the date hereof. This election will remain in force until affirmatively revoked by the taxpayer and is hereby entered into the books and records of the taxpayer's foreign exchange trading activity.
A retail forex broker recently consulted with us about whether or not 1099s should be issued for its forex trading retail accounts. Industry practice and tax law dictates that forex accounts are exempt from 1099 reporting, as they are not "covered securities" for purposes of 1099 reporting rules. Only interest income on forex accounts is 1099 reportable.
Most forex retail brokers do not report forex trading on Form 1099 in compliance with the rules. However, a few forex brokers do provide their clients with 1099s for net forex trading gains or losses. We understand one broker does not file these 1099s with the IRS, but we haven't confirmed this. We recently learned that another forex broker did file a 1099 (for Section 1256 contracts) with the IRS and it caused an IRS tax notice/inquiry; because the taxpayer used ordinary loss treatment rather than Form 6781 Section 1256 treatment (as called for on the 1099).
What should you do if you have forex trading losses reported on a 1099 for Section 1256 contracts (the ones the brokers usually use)? If your position is that your forex loss should be ordinary (see above), consider filing the forex trading loss first on Form 6781 (so the IRS can match the 1099 reporting with their records), and then transfer the forex trading loss to another area of the tax return (Form 1040, line 21 for investors, or Form 4797 part II for business traders). Make sure to explain this reporting treatment (along with the transfer to another form) in a tax return footnote. We did this for one client and they still got a tax notice requiring further explanation before closure.
Using line 21 "Other Income or Loss" on Form 1040 for Section 988 transactions is industry-accepted practice for investors, although it's not stated in the IRS tax-form instructions.
Note that Section 988 writes about interest income and expense for reporting Section 988 transactions. Forex traders do not borrow money and they don't pay interest to lenders, so using interest expense makes little sense. Reporting forex-trading losses as interest expense would be a problem for many investors, but not business traders. Investors may only deduct investment interest expense up to their investment income, with the rest carried over to subsequent years. Conversely, in all cases, business traders are allowed full business interest deductions, whether they have income or not.
Business traders (with trader tax status) should consider using Form 4797 (Sale of Business Property Part II ordinary gain or loss) rather than line 21 of Form 1040. Securities traders who elect and use Section 475 mark-to-market (MTM) accounting should also use Form 4797 Part II, which is automatically picked up in net operating loss (NOL) calculations. Line 21 (Other Income or Loss) can be a red flag to the IRS.
No, but traders need to file a Form 8886 (Reportable Transaction Disclosure Statement) if they have "transactions that result in losses of at least $2 million in any single tax year ($50,000 if from certain foreign currency transactions) or $4 million in any combination of tax years." Other transactions mentioned on Form 8886 mostly relate to tax shelter transactions. If the forex trading loss is reported as a capital loss, we think you can skip the Form 8886 reporting, as we believe the rule relates to ordinary loss treatment.
Forex traders should consult a forex tax expert (such as our firm) for further discussion and advice on tax reporting forex transactions. We also recommend forex traders include a tax-return footnote with their filing to explain this treatment.
Traders should consult a forex tax expert. GreenTraderTax (Green & Company CPAs, LLC) provides consultation and tax preparation services. Our independent tax attorneys provide legal opinions when needed. Our Web site (www.greentradertax.com) is for educational purposes only. We are not responsible for any positions you extrapolate and take on your own.
We have not seen the IRS disallow forex tax treatment based on our positions to date; however, it's difficult to know how the IRS will react in the future. It's possible one IRS agent will deny ordinary loss treatment for forex trading losses whereas another will deny lower 60/40 tax rates on forex trading gains. Although that appears to be mutually exclusive, it's entirely possible.
If you get an IRS notice or action in that regard, we strongly suggest you contact our firm for help.
Tax content © GreenTraderTax
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